Integrative Review: Hemoglobin Biosynthesis and the Nutritional Roles of Vitamins, Enzymes, and Minerals (2000–2025)

Marco Vinícios de Oliveira Santana, Carlos Henrique Marchiori*, Klebert de Paula Malheiros and Èrico Meirelles de Melo

Hemoglobin plays a central role in oxygen transport, carbon dioxide removal, acid-base balance maintenance, of cellular homeostasis in humans. Its structural characteristics and biochemical properties are essential for physiological adaptation in both health and disease. Alterations in hemoglobin concentration, molecular structure, or biological function are associated with a wide range of clinical conditions, including anemia, thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies, inflammatory disorders, kidney disease, and chronic degenerative conditions. This review provides an updated overview of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, regulatory pathways, diagnostic significance, and clinical applications of hemoglobin. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, covering scientific publications from 2000 to 2025, including research from the fields of molecular biology, clinical hematology, pathophysiology, and translational medicine. The purpose of this review is to support a better understanding of hemoglobin as a clinical biomarker, with relevance for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized medicine.

Keywords:

Published on: Nov 26, 2025 Pages: 14-20

Full Text PDF Full Text HTML DOI: 10.17352/jbm.000048
CrossMark Publons Harvard Library HOLLIS Search IT Semantic Scholar Get Citation Base Search Scilit OAI-PMH ResearchGate Academic Microsoft GrowKudos Universite de Paris UW Libraries SJSU King Library SJSU King Library NUS Library McGill DET KGL BIBLiOTEK JCU Discovery Universidad De Lima WorldCat VU on WorldCat